2.2 Approaches to Sociological Research

2026 Syllabus Objectives

  1. The use of approaches drawing on different research methods, including case studies, social surveys, ethnography and longitudinal studies.
  2. The mixed methods approach to research, including triangulation and methodological pluralism.
  3. The positivist approach, with reference to scientific method, objectivity, reliability and value-freedom.
  4. The interpretivist approach, with reference to verstehen, meaning, subjectivity and validity.
  5. The debates about whether sociology can/should be based on the methods and procedures of the natural sciences and the role of values in sociological research.

Case Studies 📚

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Definition and Characteristics

A case study is a research technique focused on the characteristics of a particular group or 'case', using different methods to generate detailed qualitative data. It is not really a research method itself, but rather a technique in which different methods can be used to generate data.

Key features:

  • Studies a specific group or social setting over time
  • Usually based on qualitative methods
  • Can incorporate various data collection techniques
  • Provides depth and detail rather than breadth

Examples of Case Studies

Classic sociological case studies include:

  • Westwood (1984): A 12-month participant observation study of female workers in a 'Stitchco' factory
  • Lacey (1970): A case study focused on a school
  • Venkatesh: A case study focused on a gang

Strengths of Case Studies ✅

1. Depth and Detail

  • Focus on a single group studied over time provides great depth and detail of information
  • Has greater validity than simple quantitative studies
  • Helps to uncover the meanings that people give to everyday behaviour

2. Cost-Effectiveness

  • In cases where the sample is relatively small and self-contained (e.g., a factory, school, or gang), large amounts of data can be collected in a relatively cost-effective way

3. Methodological Flexibility

  • Often make use of participant observation
  • Can also incorporate other methods within the case study framework

4. Pilot Study Potential

  • Small-scale case studies can be used as pilot studies to:
    • Develop hypotheses
    • Test data-collection methods
    • Identify potential problems in preparation for a larger study

Limitations of Case Studies ⚠️

1. Practical Constraints

  • Large-scale, in-depth studies can take a lot of time, effort and money
  • Make higher demands on the skills of researchers, who may spend months or years living and working with their subjects
  • Make higher demands on respondents, who may be subject to extensive and detailed questioning and observation throughout the study

2. Generalisability Issues

  • Difficult to generalise from case studies because they tend to focus on small groups that may only be representative of themselves
  • However, it might be possible to draw comparisons between similar groups

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