3.2 Logic Gates and Logic Circuits

2026 Syllabus Objectives

By the end of this subtopic, you should be able to:

  • use the symbols for NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and XOR

  • understand and define what each of these logic gates does

  • remember that, in this syllabus, all gates except NOT have two inputs only

  • construct the truth table for each gate

  • construct a logic circuit from:

    • a problem statement
    • a logic expression
    • a truth table
  • construct a truth table from:

    • a problem statement
    • a logic circuit
    • a logic expression
  • construct a logic expression from:

    • a problem statement
    • a logic circuit
    • a truth table

What is logic?

In computer science, logic is a way of making decisions using simple conditions. These conditions have only two possible values:

  • 1, which means true, on or yes
  • 0, which means false, off or no

Logic is based on Boolean values. This means every input and output is either 1 or 0. There is nothing in between.

For example, a system might use these inputs:

  • a sensor detects heat: 1 means yes, 0 means no
  • a switch is pressed: 1 means yes, 0 means no

A logic circuit takes these inputs and produces an output, also as 1 or 0.


What is a logic gate?

A logic gate is a building block used in digital circuits. It takes one or more binary inputs and gives one binary output.

You can think of a logic gate as a very small decision-maker. It follows a rule. That rule tells it what output to give for each possible input.

For this syllabus, you need to know six gates:

  • NOT
  • AND
  • OR
  • NAND
  • NOR
  • XOR (also called EOR, meaning exclusive OR)

A very important syllabus point is this:

  • NOT has one input
  • all other gates in this topic have two inputs only

Logic Gate Symbols and Functions

You must know both the function of each gate and the symbol used to show it in a circuit.

Because plain text cannot draw the exact exam symbol neatly, the notes below describe the symbol clearly. In the exam, you should recognise and draw the standard gate symbols.


1. NOT gate

The NOT gate has one input and one output.

Its job is to reverse the input.

  • if the input is 1, the output becomes 0
  • if the input is 0, the output becomes 1

So, NOT means the opposite.

If input A goes into a NOT gate, the expression is written as:

NOT A

The symbol is usually drawn as a triangle pointing to the right, with a small circle on the output side. That small circle shows that the signal is being inverted, which means flipped.

Truth table for NOT

ANOT A
01
10

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