11.2 Movements of Population

2026 Syllabus Objectives

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

  1. Describe and explain, with reference to both 'push' and 'pull' factors, the main causes of population movements, including rural-urban migration, seasonal migration, emigration and immigration (including refugees)

  2. Describe and explain the effects of these population movements, including shanty developments in cities, tent cities and the de-population of rural areas

  3. Understand the effects of population movements and evaluate the measures which may be taken to help solve the problems created, such as self-help schemes, provision of clean water and other services (including adverse outcomes such as poor housing)

Main Content

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What is Migration?

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. People migrate for many different reasons – some are forced to leave their homes, while others choose to move in search of better opportunities.

Migration can be:

  • Permanent – when people move and settle in a new place forever
  • Temporary – when people move for a short time and then return home
  • Voluntary – when people choose to move
  • Forced – when people have to move due to war, natural disasters, or persecution

Types of Migration

There are three main types of migration in Pakistan:

1. Internal Migration

This is movement within the country – from one part of Pakistan to another. Internal migration has four types:

  • Rural to Urban – from villages/countryside to towns and cities
  • Rural to Rural – from one rural area to another rural area
  • Urban to Urban – from one city/town to another city/town
  • Urban to Rural – from cities/towns to villages (less common)

2. International Migration (External Migration)

This is movement from one country to another for settlement, with the intention of staying for a year or more.

  • Emigration means leaving your own country to live in another country
  • Immigration means entering a new country to live there
  • Emigrants are people who leave their country
  • Immigrants are people who enter a new country
  • Refugees are people forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, or danger

3. Seasonal Migration

This is movement within the country due to changes in seasons or climate. People move temporarily and usually return to their original home after some time.

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