20.1 Food supply

2026 Syllabus Objectives

  1. Describe how humans have increased food production, limited to:

    • (a) agricultural machinery to use larger areas of land and improve efficiency
    • (b) chemical fertilisers to improve yields
    • (c) insecticides to improve quality and yield
    • (d) herbicides to reduce competition with weeds
    • (e) selective breeding to improve production by crop plants and livestock
  2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of large-scale monocultures of crop plants

  3. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of intensive livestock production


The Need for Increased Food Production 🌾

The global human population continues to grow, creating an urgent need to produce more food. Between 1950 and 2012, world grain production (including cereals like wheat and rice) increased from approximately 0.6 trillion tonnes to nearly 2.4 trillion tonnes - a dramatic fourfold increase.

This massive increase in food production has been achieved through several key methods that have transformed agriculture worldwide.


Methods of Increasing Food Production

1. Agricultural Machinery 🚜

Modern agricultural machinery has revolutionized farming by allowing farmers to cultivate much larger areas of land far more efficiently than traditional methods.

Key advantages:

  • Speed and efficiency: A single tractor with modern equipment can plough, plant, and harvest far more land than manual labour or animal-powered tools
  • Deeper cultivation: Modern ploughs can work soil more deeply, improving growing conditions
  • Time savings: Tasks that once took weeks can now be completed in days

Comparison of methods:

Traditional MethodModern Method
Oxen pulling simple wooden ploughTractor pulling large ploughing attachment
Very slow processMuch faster operation
Cannot plough deeplyCan plough deeply into soil
Limited area coverageCan cultivate large areas efficiently

Example: A combine harvester can harvest, thresh, and clean grain crops in a single operation, dramatically reducing the time and labour needed compared to traditional manual harvesting.

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