2.3 Books of Prime Entry


2026 Syllabus Objectives

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

  1. Explain the advantages of using various books of prime entry
  2. Explain the use of and process accounting data in the books of prime entry: cash book, petty cash book, sales journal, purchases journal, sales returns journal, purchases returns journal, and the general journal
  3. Post the ledger entries from the books of prime entry
  4. Distinguish between and account for trade discounts and cash discounts
  5. Explain the dual function of the cash book as a book of prime entry and as a ledger account for bank and cash
  6. Explain the use of and record payments and receipts made by bank transfers and other electronic means
  7. Explain and apply the imprest system of petty cash

1. What Are Books of Prime Entry?

When a business makes a transaction — for example, selling goods on credit or paying a supplier — that transaction needs to be recorded. But before it goes into the main accounting records (called the ledger), it is first written down in a book of prime entry.

Think of books of prime entry as a sorting station. Every transaction is captured in the right "book" first, and then the information is sent to the ledger accounts later.

Books of prime entry are also called:

  • Daybooks
  • Subsidiary books
  • Books of original entry

The Seven Books of Prime Entry

Book of Prime EntryWhat It Records
Cash BookAll receipts and payments in cash and by bank
Petty Cash BookSmall, everyday payments in cash
Sales JournalCredit sales of goods
Sales Returns JournalGoods returned by credit customers
Purchases JournalCredit purchases of goods
Purchases Returns JournalGoods returned to credit suppliers
General JournalAll other transactions not covered above

Where Does the Information Come From?

Every entry in a book of prime entry is taken from a business document — a paper or electronic record that proves a transaction happened.

Book of Prime EntryBusiness Document Used
Sales JournalSales invoice (issued to customer)
Sales Returns JournalCredit note issued to customer
Purchases JournalPurchase invoice received from supplier
Purchases Returns JournalDebit note issued to supplier / Credit note received
Cash BookPaying-in slips, cheques, bank statements, receipts
Petty Cash BookPetty cash vouchers / receipts
General JournalInvoice for non-current assets or other suitable document

The Accounting Process (Flow of Information)

TRANSACTION → BUSINESS DOCUMENT → BOOK OF PRIME ENTRY → LEDGER ACCOUNTS

For example: A business sells goods on credit to a customer for USD 100.

  • A sales invoice is issued.
  • The amount is recorded in the sales journal.
  • At the end of the period, the total is posted to the sales account (credit) and the customer's trade receivables account (debit) in the ledger.

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